Aqua maintenance of life Essays

Aqua maintenance of life Essays Aqua maintenance of life Essay Aqua maintenance of life Essay AQA MAINTENANCE OF LIFE REVISION GUIDE1. CELLS animals and plants consist of cells. All cells have the following in common:* NUCLEUS containing chromosomes which carry the genes controlling the cells characteristics* CELL MEMBRANE allows movement of substances into and out of the cell.* CYTOPLASM where chemical reactions take place under the control of enzymes.* MITOCHONDRIA where respiration takes place (energy is released).2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL and PLANT CELLS* CELL WALL made up of cellulose to give the plant support* CHLOROPLASTS containing chlorophyll required for photosynthesis* LARGE VACUOLE containing cell sap (a solution of substances in water for support and storage).3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS -Photosynthesis describes how green plants make their own food (glucose). They take very simple substances from the environment to do this.LightCARBON DIOXIDE + WATER GLUCOSE + OXYGENChlorophyllLeaves have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll. Chlorophyll enables the plant to ab sorb light energy needed for photosynthesis. This light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is released as a waste product.WHAT CAN LIMIT THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS?* Availability of carbon dioxide and water* Light intensity* TemperatureWHAT DO PLANTS DO WITH THE GLUCOSE THEY PRODUCE?* Some is converted to cellulose for making cell walls* Some is converted to sucrose for storing in fruits* Some is converted to starch for storage* Some is converted to lipids for storing in seeds* Some is converted to amino acidsWHAT ELSE DO PLANTS REQUIRE FOR HEALTHY GROWTH?Mineral ionRequired forDeficiency symptomsNitrateProtein synthesisStunted growth and yellow older leavesPhosphatePhotosynthesis and respiration reactionsPoor root growth and purple younger leavesPotassiumHelps the enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration work.Yellow leaves with dead spots4. PLANT HORMONES- Plants are sensitive to light, moisture and gravity. Their shoots grow towards t he light and against the force of gravity. Their roots grow towards moisture and in the direction of the force of gravity. Plants produce hormones that co-ordinate and control this growth. They are known as AUXINS.Auxins (plant hormones) affect the growth of plants in the following ways:* Cause shoot growth by cell elongation* Prevent side branchingAuxins are used commercially for the following uses:* To kill weeds by disrupting their normal growth* To reproduce large numbers of plants quickly by stimulating the growth of roots from cuttings* To regulate the ripening of fruits on the plant and during transport to customers5. TRANSPORT IN PLANTS the transportation of water is vital in plants. A lack of water will lead to wilting and the eventual death of the plant.HOW DO WATER AND MINERALS ENTER A PLANT?* Root hair cells absorb water by osmosis.* Minerals are absorbed by diffusion or active transport.* Water and soluble minerals are transported in xylem vessels. Soluble food substan ces eg. Glucose is transported in phloem tubes.HOW DOES WATER LEAVE A PLANT?Plants lose water vapour from the surface of their leaves. This loss of water is known as transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from the leaf through the stomata creating a pull causing water to rise up the plant in the transpiration stream. The size of stomata is controlled by guard cells, which surround them. If plants lose water faster than the roots replace it, the stomata can close to prevent wilting. Transpiration is more rapid in hot, dry and windy conditions. Most plants have a waxy layer (cuticle) on their leaves, which stops them losing too much water. Plants living in dry conditions have a thicker cuticle.HOW IS WATER TRANSPOPRTED WITHIN A PLANT?* XYLEM TISSUE transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.HOW ARE NUTRIENTS TRANSPORTED?* PHLOEM TISSUE transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.6. HOW DO SUBSTANCES ENTER AND LEAVE CELLS?D IFFUSION movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.OSMOSIS movement of water particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane.ACTIVE TRANSPORT an energy requiring process by which cells take substances against a concentration gradient. This enables plants to absorb mineral ions from very dilute solutions.7. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. A network of nerves connects the brain and spinal cord to the body. Messages travel throughout the nervous system via nerve impulses. Nerve impulses are electrical impulses.SENSE ORGANS, RECEPTORS and STIMULISENSE ORGANSRECEPTORSTIMULUSEye (sight + balance)LightLightEar (hearing + balance)SoundSoundNose (smell)ChemicalChemicalTongue (taste)ChemicalChemicalSkin (touch)Pressure andTemperaturePressureTemperatureREFLEX ACTIONS an automatic response to a stimulus.REFLEX ARC th e route taken by a nerve impulse through the nervous system. A reflex arc consists of three parts:1. Sensory neurone carrying a nerve impulse from a receptor to the spinal cord or brain.2. Relay neurone carrying the impulse through the spinal cord.3. Effector/Motor neurone carrying the impulse from the spinal cord to the effector.SYNAPSE a gap between neurones. A chemical is released at a synapse allowing the passage of the impulse across the synapse.8. THE EYE- identify and explain the function of each eye part:*Sclera tough white protective layer*Cornea focusing.*Lens focusing.*Iris controls the amount of light reaching the retina through the pupil.*Retina light sensitive layer containing light receptors.*Optic Nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain.Light from an object enters the eye through the cornea. The curved cornea and lens help to focus an image onto the retina. The receptor cells in the retina send impulses to the brain along sensory neurones in th e optic nerve.The shape of the lens can be altered, by contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles, to focus near or distant objects respectively. Electrical impulses transmit information from receptor cells along sensory neurones to the central nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.9. HOMEOSTASIS (the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment)1. Maintenance of body temperature2. Maintenance of body water content3. Maintenance of blood glucose levels4. Maintenance of ion content of the body10. ROLE of the SKIN* A waterproof and germ-proof layer* Temperature control by sweating and by changes in the diameter of the skins superficial capillaries.11. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM (maintaining water balance and removing waste).You must appreciate the role of the kidneys to remove unwanted substances from the blood and pass them onto the bladder to be excreted.Identify and recall the function of:* Kidneys filtration and reabsorption.* Renal artery carries dirty blood to the kidney.* Renal vein carries clean blood away from the kidney.* Ureters transport urine to the bladder.* Bladder stores urine.* Urethra transports urine out of the body.NEPHRON each kidney consists of approximately 1million nephrons. You must be able to identify the following nephron parts:* Glomerulus dense capillary network* Renal capsule (Bowmans capsule) a cup-like structure holding the glomerulus* Renal tubule and associated blood capillaries* Collecting duct where urine collectsHOW THE NEPHRON WORKS PART 1 PRESSURE FILTRATION1. Dirty blood is carried to the nephron by the renal artery to the glomerulus.2. Blood enters the glomerulus at high pressure. This causes water, nutrients, salts and urea to pass into the Bowmans capsule. This mixture is known as the filtrate.HOW THE NEPHRON WORKS PART 2 REABSORPTION1. Some water and salts from the filtrate passes back into the blood. All glucose is reabsorbed.2. Urea, excess water and salts flows to the col lecting duct.3. Collecting Duct Ureter Bladder Urethra Toilet!!12. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK response reduces the strength of the original stimulus.Example 1. Temperature ControlSTIMULUS (increase in temperature)RECEPTORRESPONSE BRAIN decrease in temperatureEFFECTORsweating/ capillaries dilateExample 2. Water ControlSTIMULUS (increased water in the blood)RECEPTORRESPONSE BRAIN decreased water in thebloodEFFECTORless ADH secretedADH ANTI -DIURETIC HORMONE causes the kidneys to absorb more waterExample 3. Glucose ControlSTIMULUS (increased glucose in the blood)RECEPTORRESPONSE BRAIN decreased glucose in thebloodEFFECTORmore insulinsecretedINSULIN removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver.13. DRUGS (substances which alters the way the body works)* Tobacco Smoking- contains harmul chemicals e.g,-Tar deposits in the lungs and causes cancer.-Nicotine (the addictive part) causes constriction of blood vessels and makes the hard beat faster.-Carbon monoxide preven ts haemoglobin from carrying as much oxygen.Carbon monoxide combines irreversibly with the haemoglobin in red blood cellsSMOKING DURING PREGNANCY INCREASES THE CHANCES OF DISABILITY AND PREMATURE LABOUR. THE FOETUS IS DEPRIVED OF OXYGEN LEADING TO A LOW BIRTH WEIGHT.* Alcohol Abuse causes impairment of judgement, slowing down reactions and possible damage to brain and liver cells.* Solvent Abuse causes hallucinations and damage to lungs, liver and brain..ADDICTION drug use may lead to addiction. This is a state in which the body can not function normally without the drug and a person may suffer withdrawal symptoms without them.

All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions

All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions By Mark Nichol One of my pet peeves as an editor (and editors are notoriously peevish, and we only become more so with experience) is the presentation of glosses. A gloss, in language, is a brief definition or explanation of an unfamiliar term or concept. (The previous sentence includes a gloss of the word gloss, though a fairly long one; they often consist of a single word, or several at most.) Two of the more familiar definitions of gloss as a noun can be described as â€Å"a concealment of truth† (virtually antonymic to the meaning under discussion here) and â€Å"an act of putting a positive spin on something,† which is related to the connotation of deceit; the sense of gloss as â€Å"explanation,† however, is more akin to the idea of providing a sheen with a clear view to what’s underneath, as in â€Å"lip gloss† or â€Å"high-gloss paint.† One problem with language glosses is that they invite the use of scare quotes, or gratuitous quotation marks that frame a word or phrase to provide emphasis. (That last phrase is a gloss of â€Å"scare quotes.† Also, understand that the quotes here, in turn, are not scare quotes but, rather, valid markers of a phrase I want to call out for attention, like a word italicized to emphasize that the word itself, not the thing, is under discussion.) Note the unnecessary use of scare quotes in the following sentence (formatted as single quotation marks because the sample sentence is framed in double quotes): â€Å"The trend of cross-border reproductive care, or ‘medical tourism,’ is popular in Europe.† But there’s another, equally egregious issue: The gloss precedes the term. In addition to omitting the scare quotes, introduce the term, then gloss it, not the other way around: â€Å"The trend of medical tourism, or cross-border reproductive care, is popular in Europe.† Scare quotes are extraneous when introducing slang, too. Look at this sentence: â€Å"I realized she was speaking Singaporean English, or ‘Singlish.’† The scare quotes are condescending, as if the writer is holding the reader’s hand, patting it, and saying, â€Å"There, there, dear. I’ll protect you from any scary words you haven’t seen before. See? There’s one up ahead right now.† And, again, why explain the term before the reader reads it? Let the reader dance on the precipice of danger for an instant: â€Å"I realized she was speaking Singlish, or Singaporean English.† Worse yet when glosses are concerned is the absence of appositive punctuation, as here: â€Å"They built the domed snow houses or igloos most people associate with Eskimos.† Never mind that igloos is not exactly an exotic term, and that the definition precedes it; the lack of internal punctuation implies that the object is â€Å"domed snow houses or (domed) igloos.† In fact, the object is â€Å"domed snow houses,† followed by the appositive term igloos. (An appositive is a term equivalent in meaning to another one, as in â€Å"the writer Melville† or â€Å"the country of Morocco† or â€Å"the runner-up, Smith.† Note that common appositives are set off from proper ones with commas only if they’re restrictive, or can apply only to a specific corresponding noun. There there’s another gloss right there.) Notice that the first two examples in this post correctly set the gloss off from the defined term with a brace of commas. The correct form of the third example follows: â€Å"They built the igloos, or domed snow houses, most people associate with Eskimos.† The bottom line: Put a shine on your glosses by placing them after the defined term and framing them within commas (or parentheses or em dashes, if either seems more appropriate). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

Importance of Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Importance of Business Strategy - Essay Example Every organization, no matter the size, requires to have a strategy of the business. The strategy has the principal objective of ensuring that the company can meet the needs of the customers in the market. A business strategy, therefore, has the core objective of creating the foundation of the business. Once the business is founded on a common core, then there can be the establishment of systems to monitor the direction and operations of the business so that the business can have the capacity of succeeding in the market (White, 2012). As such, a business strategy has the function of enabling the business to understand its environment and the variety of factors that it requires in order to the business to attain success. Among the specific functions of the business, strategies are to identify the strength and the weak areas of the business. Through this identification, the business can then have the capability of focusing on its strengths and attractiveness in order to sell itself to the consumers. Further, the business strategy has the capacity of enabling the business to identify the risks that the business has to face when operating within a specific market through the use of the business strategy, the company will have the capability of mitigating these risks and having the capacity of achieving profits for the business. A business strategy has the purpose of ensuring the long-term growth of the business amidst a changing business environment. There are various trends and cultures coming up in the business world and every business should have the capacity of adapting to the change.  

HU300 unit 6 DB topic 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HU300 unit 6 DB topic 1 - Research Paper Example The idea of this poem is to tell the students that a poem should not merely be read on its face value but they should try to see and feel the character and spirit of the poem. Since the poem is supposed to be an ‘introduction’ it is written in very simple words and hence very easily understandable. The teacher wants the students to appreciate the poem and asks them to approach it in a nonacademic way in which the mere purpose of reading is not just cramming. In the later stanzas, the poet says that his attempt to induce appreciation for the art does not succeed and the students continue to pursue poetry in the same old manner. The poet goes as far as to say that the students merely want some precise message out of it and that they think that there could only be one explanation of the poem whereas poetry is an art form which is enhanced by the interpretation of the reader. The second poem is the ‘Public Transportation’ by Elaine Sexton. The author is an emerging poet who has written a number of poems that have been very well received by the general audience and the critics alike. She conducts poetry workshops and has a passion for inculcating appreciation for this form of literature. Sexton believes that any form of poetry has an inner and a deeper message then what can be gleaned off from the meanings of the words. Her belief is truly represented in this poem where each person has his own background and things are different from what they appear to be. The poem is written out as a story and incorporates very simple vocabulary in its stanzas making it very easy to understand. Even though the title suggests that the poem is about ‘public transportation’, it has a very deep message that everything is not as it looks. The poem itself is an account of the protagonist as she travels in the bus and describes different aspects of it including the surroundings, the different passengers that board the bus

Blind people on China Essay Example for Free

Blind people on China Essay There are 5 million blind people in the whole world. And China is taking the first place of this problem. China accounts about 18% of blind people. Most of them can’t live independent; they all need someone’s help. Also we can know that 90% of blind people are living in modern cities. For example: Beijing (capital), Shanghai and etc. Ð ¢he total number of blind people in China at any given time expressed as a percentage of the total population is around 0. 4%. According to the facts from internet, the countrys ever-increasing blind population has already exceed the total population in such countries as Denmark, Finland or Norway. In the whole world main problem ob blindness is cataract. Because of only the cataract blindness accounts 2. 5 million people in the world. Each year about 400,000 people become blind in one moment because of it. Cataract predominantly a disease associated with ageing. According to the famous Chinese websites, we can know that the reason of blindness in China not only cataract but also it include cornea diseases, trachoma, glaucoma. I took some interviews from 2 Chinese people. When I talked to my Chinese teacher from high school I was pretty surprised. First she told me about problems of blind people. It started past years ago, when with time there are more and more blind people was with the same objects to government. Chinese population doesn’t respect blind people. They are behaving to them very bad. Population doesn’t see any personality in them. They are acting to blind people like to animals. And every time people’s words were such a: â€Å"Blind people-they are not independent, they can’t help to our country. They can’t do anything. They are not useful for China. † So in my mind first thought was government in China need people only for useful thing? It’s so selfish and not correct. I think everyone will agree with me. Nowadays there’s so many ways to cure blind people. According to the facts from the Internet 80% of blindness possible to cure. It was many accidents when even young people didn’t help to blind old person. And with years there are more and more problems. How my teacher said government first didn’t take it such a big problem, but with time when there are more people with objects and arguments to them, they started to pay more attention to blind people. In 2011 many of them were really angry to the government. Hundred blind people want government to allow them come with dogs to public places. Because how I said before they all need help. They thought if they can’t come with dogs, they couldn’t even come inside of any places. Some of them can’t do it only with walking stick or every time hope to theirs hearing. And till now they are trying to get an access for that. Only part of public places allowed them come with dogs. But they are also good people who are trying to make blind people’s life easier. For example my guardians Chinese friend said that, one Chinese scientist developed a cheap e-notebook for blind people. He told me only that information, without any details, so I searched in Internet more about that e-notebook. The e-notebook, called B-Notes, allows people to take notes or memos using Braille or by recording speech. It is similar in size to a mobile phone. B-Notes makes use of technologies developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Computing Technology (ICT), including translation software. Prototype e-notebooks were trialed on ten blind people last month. Wang Xiangdong, technical leader of the ICT team that developed the device, says that Braille can be conveniently input using a panel on the e-notebook. And when [B-Notes is] connected to a computer, the Braille-Chinese translation software can be used to convert Braille into Chinese characters automatically, he says. Currently, there are almost 39 million blind people in the world, according to the WHO. And according to the China Disabled Persons Federation, there are more than 12 million visually disabled people in China. Wang said that the basic technological research for the e-notebooks has been completed and they are expected to be available in China later this year at a cost of 500 to 800 RMB. The e-notebook has three main features. First is the Braille input. The e-notebooks input panel has an array of mini keys that allows users to type. Second is the intelligent translation system, which is up to 95 per cent accurate. When the e-notebook is connected to a computer, pre-installed software moves all Braille in the device over to the computer and translates it into Chinese characters. Third, the e-notebook has a voice interface. There are voice prompts to guide users through the devices various operations. Currently, the notebook can only translate Chinese Braille to Chinese characters. But Wang says that if other countries express an interest in the device, it will be possible to produce e-notebooks that translate other versions of Braille into other languages. The blind people who tested the prototype notebooks told developers that they found them portable and easy to use. According to WHO website The goal of the Chinese Ministry of Health over the coming years is to reduce the prevalence of blindness in the country to less than 0. 3%, i. e. almost by half. And it really makes happy that, government paying more attention to blind people nowadays. How I read with every year they are opening more school for blind people. Also it is increasing accounts of hospitals where people can help to this nondependent people and make theirs life easier. They were some accidents when some of them cured of blind. Also I heard that most professional people who are doing massage all are blind. China has some hospitals with this course. Where they are teaching them. In my opinion, they have to pay more attention to blind people. And give them more good conditions. Make rules that everyone should respect each other, especially blind people. Government should ask them what they need, what help they want from government. China should open more clinics and hospitals for poor people. Who can’t pay to theirs treatment. They also need help from others. They should allow to blind people come with dogs in public places. And I can make conclusion from all of it that government should heed to them.

Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution Essay -- Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm is a great example of allegory and political satire. The novel was written to criticize totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalin's corrupt rule in Russia. In the first chapter Orwell gives his reasons for writing the story and what he hopes it will accomplish. It also gives reference to the farm and how it relates to the conflicts of the Russian revolution. The characters, settings, and the plot were written to describe the social upheaval during that period of time and also to prove that the good nature of true communism can be turned into something atrocious by an idea as simple as greed. This essay will cover the comparisons between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. It will also explain why this novel is a satire and allegory to the Revolution that took place in Russia so long ago. First and foremost Manor Farm itself represents Russia with its poor conditions and irresponsible leaders. Mr. Jones plays one of those leaders, Nicholas the Second or The Czar as people called him in those days. Mr. Jones beats his animals, forgets to feed them and treats them badly. His actions are portrayals of the actions of The Czar. Old Major is representative of Karl Marx. Marx had a dream of a better Russia and created the doctrine of communism to aid in distribution of wealth, and to bring the people to a place were they would all be equal, but what he didn’t realize was that under the wrong rule the good intentions of communism would become...

Eating Habits

Eating habbits Junk food, keeping fit. In today’s fast-moving world, people have less and less time to spend eating. It is probably for this reason that junk food has become so popular, and there’s no doubt that it’s here to stay. In fact, it seems that you simply can’t get away from it. Obviously, a diet of junk food is not the best thing for your health, particularly as it is high in saturated fat. This type of fat is associated with great risk of cancer. Apart from the risk of cancer, another side effect of consuming highly fattering food is that you are likely to gain weight. This is especially true because you tend to eat more, as junk food is less satisfying and lower in vital nutrients than healthier food. The best advice, for those who cannot live without it, is to limit the amount junk foodthey eat/ A little now and then will probably do no harm. Young people pick up the idea that speed means excitement, whereas anything traditional is slow and boring. As a result, they turn down traditional food and go for junk food instead. Another alarming thing is that while the amount of junk food we eat has increased, the amount of exercise we do has actually decreased. Exercises help to control our weight and if taken regulary, can also decrease our having a heart attack in later life. What is more you don’t have to exercise much to gain vasible benefits, twenty minutes three times a week is all that is necessary. People nowadays are actually far more aware of the importance of exercise and healthy diet than they were a few years ago. Rcent reserch has shown that young people, who prefer burgers and chips to rich gourmet dishes, tend to become overweight. Reserchers suggest that the new genration will be much more likely to suffer from heart and liver desease. What can’t be emphasised enough is fact that a balanced diet and regular exrcise bring significant health benefits. You can gain anything from glowing skin to an allround feeling of good health. One way or another, the vast majority of people seem to be missing out on this, due mainly to the pressures of modern life. Ironically, if they were to make time to exercise and improve their eating habbits, they would probably find that they were far better equipped to deal with their stressful lifestiles than they are now. Vegan leaving. A large number of people do not eat meat. Vegans have taken this a step further by refusing to consume or use anything that comes from animals. This means that not only they do not eat meat; they do not eat fish, poultry or dairy products either. Although a vegan diet may be strict, there are certain advanteges to be gained. Firstly, because a vegan diet is low in fat and cholestrol, the risk of heart disease is reduced. Secondly, there is less preassure on farmers to keep animals under cruel conditions to produce milk, eggs and poultry. On the other hand, humans are natural meat eaters and some essential ingridients in our diet can only come from animal products. For example, we cannot get enough vitamin B12 from plants, so vegans have to take this vatamin, made from yeast, as a supplement to their diet. Moreover, the human digestive system cannot digest certain plant proteins, and this can lead to stomach problems. Although there are some disadvanteges to adopting such a strict diet, people feel that overhall; it is a healthier way of life. Furthermore, it is cruel to kill animals for food and if everybody adopted a vegan diet, our whole outlook on life would change for the better. Factors that influence on food choices Food choices are influenced by many factors, age, gender, friends, family, cultural background and where we live. Although the main purpose of food is to nourish the body, food means far more than that to many people. It can represent much of who and what we are. People bond and foster relationships around the dinner table and at celebrations with special meals and foods, such as birthday cake. Some people express their creative side by serving dinner guests, as well as expressing their awareness and appreciation for others. Some people also use food to help them cope with stress by overeating or depriving themselves. Food may also be used as a reward for accomplishing a specific goal. Consequently, what people eat can reveal much about who they are socially, politically and religiously. Factors influencing food preferences include: Taste, *texture* *and* *appearance*. Economics – The cost of food affects what we eat. Our early experiences with food – Food preferences begin early in life and change as we are exposed to new people and places. As children, our choices were in the hands of our parents. However, as we get older, our experiences with new people and places increase, thereby broadening our food preferences and choices. Habits – Most of what we eat from a particular core group of foods. About one hundred items account for 75 percent of the foods most people eat. Having a narrow range of food choices provides us with security. For example, going to a particular fast-food restaurant provides common expectations and experiences. Many people also have the cooking habits of our mothers or grandmothers. Culture – Religious rules can affect food choices. For example, Hindus do not eat beef, and some Jewish people do not eat pork. The region that people are from can also affect eating behaviors. Swedish people would not eat an ear of corn, because it is considered food for hogs. In Russia, we don't normally eat insects, but many other cultures regard them as preferred foods. Culture can also dictate the times to eat and what to eat at certain meals. Advertising – To capture the interest of the consumer, food producers spend billions of dollars each year on advertising and packaging, both for food bought in grocery stores and restaurants. The power of persuasion is very strong, and so food producers and restaurants try to make their products as appealing as possible to consumers, even if that means making false claims. Social factors – Social changes have a big effect on the food industry. Our fast-paced society demands drive-through restaurants. Gas stations now have convenience stores and restaurants attached to them, so people can do one-stop shopping. Malls also cater to their customers with food courts offering a wide variety of foods. My own eating habbits

Guns, Germs and Steel Essay

The book Guns, Germs and Steel is an interesting impression of Jared Diamond to challenge and refresh our outlook towards the effect of politics to cultural and individual development as based from historical and theoretical concept. JD is a physiologist and evolutionary biologist and has made this work on a broader scope during his explorations in New Guinea to study the culture as well as the environment of the people. It started out in a prologue while Jared travels with his friend Yali, a New Guinean and questions the diminutive cargo of the locals against the bulk of cargos of the Eurasians. JD tried to explain to Yali by answering him with historical and theoretical views according to his research. JD said that while the natives own the land and the resources, the foreigners are capable of dominance because they are superior in technology as can be seen with their tools and machinery. But JD explained to Yali that what he sees is not proof of the superiority of the Eurasians over the natives but rather the opposite. JD said that Yali’s people are actually smarter and adaptable to any environment because they live in a world that has requires critical survival. Chapter 1 of the book discusses the origin of man and their discovery of tools and art as depicted from their paintings. JD theorizes that man made a great leap and used his intelligence 50,000 years ago as found on skeletons found in Australia and New Guinea. Accordingly, the Americans were probably colonized during 11,000 BC which correspond to the final stage of the Pleistocene Era and the melting of the ice in the last Ice Age. Chapter 2 details the war between the Maoris against the Morioris in Polynesia as early as 1835 in the Chatham islands and. Polynesia during that period has different set of climates, geography, resources and political and social conditions which lead to less diversification of human populations to be able to adapt in their environment. Chapter 3 details the conquest of European Francisco Pizarro and his men to capture Atahuallpa, the Inca emperor at Cajamarca, Peru in 1532. The superior weapons and their armor which were made of steel and the horses and cavalry pushes the natives out of their place while the Europeans brought along with them diseases such as smallpox and eventually infected and killed another native emperor of different tribe. JD pointed out that people of dominant culture has the foremost advantage over those who are less in technology and political organization as the Incas does not have. On Chapter 4 of the book, JD significantly emphasizes the importance of agriculture to propel the development of a fragile society because with the increase of food production there is a room for population to grow larger and stronger. Enough supply of food can sustain people to be more vigorous and organize themselves without resorting to violence to survive. An organized society can form political government to protect its people against conquest such as JD pointed out. In chapter 5, the author describes the technology of calibrating sites for food production by naming sites and crops suitable to grow in their environment while in chapter 6, 7 and 8 discusses his confidence the possibility of converting native hunters into agriculturist because of degeneration of wild games and animals in their environment. He said that there are already great varieties of plants and animals that can be domesticated and cultured and there is no need to hunt for food for a family to survive. JD gave an example in chapter 9 and 10 the success of the Indians in domesticating animals and prevents the extinction of wild animals in their forest. He said that breeding animals is one of the most accepted principles in domesticating animals that even wild species of animals can be bred in captivity. But this depends on the adaptability of animals with the climatic conditions on certain locality. Lack of animal adaptation means limited domestication and cultivation of animals and plants. The New World on the other hand is located on a tropical zone therefore people have more favorable climatic conditions as compared with the Eurasian countries. However, major infectious diseases or what JD calls â€Å"killers of humanity† mainly comes from animals men domesticates. He said that small pox originates from cowpox, flu from pigs and ducks and tuberculosis from cattle. These are only few of the negative impact on the cultivation of livestock by man that even people in the cities are not safe from certain diseases as they kept animals as pets. Industrialization gave man endemic diseases because he attracts germ carrying pests and we now have yellow fever, hookworm, bubonic plague and many other diseases transmitted by pests. Man also is a carrier of pest and diseases to his fellow human such as the body lice, sexually transmitted disease and other human infections. The following chapters introduced the origins of writings in early period of Mesoamerica and most part of Asia. JD significantly highlights necessity as the mother of invention and the invention of writings lead to the invention of the technology and then to arms for weapons and destruction. He said that the introduction of technology was also the beginning of civilizations to colonize other civilizations, destroying their population and their culture. The author also reviews the societal form of organization on a certain level which starts from the smaller faction or the band. The â€Å"band† is composed of people that are usually related by blood, nomadic in nature and have one ethnicity and language and no more than 5 to 80 people bonded together to be form a small society. The â€Å"tribe†, however has more people with fixed community, one ethnicity and language but being led by a leader in a societal form of government such as tribe in New Guinea and Australia . The â€Å"group† leads to chiefdoms and then to a larger extent which forms the state. The â€Å"state† have more than 50,000 people living in various villages, class and residence-based relationships. They also have more than one language, have centralized bureaucratic government levels and politicians to man the government, the law and the state. States have also their police and militaries to protect its citizenry against injustice. This was discussed on chapter 14. Chapter 15 to 16 depicts the Australian and New Guinean’ climate where Yali belongs. These two countries were formerly united as one large mass of land but separated because of the effect of large body of water 10,000 years ago. The following chapters discuss how China became the China of today which brought by forced unification of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Continuous fighting and dominance of Asian ethnicities in old China produces mixed races of different Asian origins but came up to have one traditional language which is the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. Among these languages is the Mandarin. Chapter 17 is explained by JD on how the islands of the Pacific were able to be colonized by the Asians who arrived in New Guinea around 40,000 BC. This Asian group composes the ancestors of Philippine Negritos and formerly called the Austronesian. Their migrations began from China, reached Taiwan and then the Philippines at around 3000 BC. Those who came to Sumatra and Java became the Malayo-Polynesian while those who arrived in Northern New Guinea and Samoa became the Samoans. JD reviews on chapter 18 the factors which led to the European conquering Americas. The Europeans are better in food production, domestication of animals, producing metals and weapons, organization of armies, transportation and communication and solid political organization which the people of early America lacks. The people of the New World such as New Guinea, however are more primitive and backward and lacks capabilities to organize themselves. This was the reason why the Europeans or the Eurasians have been able to establish their colony in their nation without conflict and resistance. And finally chapter 19 discusses how the people of Africa came to be blacks. Accordingly, in the previous era, North Africans were whites who resemble Middle Eastern and Europeans and speak Afro-Asiatic languages. The pygmies or small black African people are mostly confined to Central Africa but were outnumbered by indigenous people. The blacks occupy only most of the Saharan Africa but extended their occupancy to the East coast to Cape town. From there they began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals and expand largely in numbers. The epilogue of this book answers Yali’s question on why whites have been so successful with their trades and always have larger cargos compared with the locals on a shipping trade comes to conclusion. The book answers his question by chapters and details. The effect of geographical formation and the environment clearly emphasizes the commencement of dominance by the Eurasian whites. Dominance factors illustrates the capability of the Eurasian to domesticate plant and animals better than the people of the New World, the speed of their technology which also sped up the rates of migration and their concrete population and size of their continents enable them to migrate and search for more opportunities to other continents. Furthermore, JD wants to search further with his study to come up with more variables that could defend his theory. He believes that he can only do this through natural historical experiments that need to be researched. These involve the history of human societies which are always intricate to understand than the lost dinosaurs of the old world (McGoodwin). Work Cited: McGoodwin, Michael. â€Å"Jared Diamond: Guns, Germs and Steel. † (2000). April 10, 2008 .

Free Essays on Yeats

A path from romanticism to modernism. The stylistic evolution of Yeats’ travels through several stages across his career. Initially as a young poet, Yeats wrote much literary ornate verse. From his first publication in 1885 he’d been much influenced by the pre-Raphaelites. A group of artists and poets, the pre-Raphaelites shared a conviction that art had become corrupt during the Renaissance, beginning with Raphael, and was in decline there after. With their sentimental and dreamy idilic view of the world, they were an important influence on Yeats' first poetic efforts. Yeats’ also held an enduring admiration for Blake, which aided his style with a rugged simplicity . A typical poem of this period is the freely romantic â€Å"Lake Isle of Innisfree.† And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There's midnight all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet' s wings. This thick, sugary, praise is highly typical of Yeats’ early poetry and his inherited spirit of the general romantic style. At this time, 1890, Yeats’ himself was still in his twenties, his imagination still held the possibilities of delicate beauty and spontaneous song. Yeats' poetics became fixed heavily in lyric tradition during this early part of his career and late era of romanticism. Inspite of war experience and the darkening of his songs, their musicality would be retained. Yeats’ work began its evolution from the pond of romantics by becoming harder and more realistic. Personal and professional movements in his life were much the cause. Maud Gonne, an Irish actress, who was a long time love interest of Yeats, married a Major John MacBride leaving Yeats deeply wounded . The romantic pond from which much of his early poetry spawned became dry. Youthful praise stripped away, he turned to heartless speculation of severe... Free Essays on Yeats Free Essays on Yeats A path from romanticism to modernism. The stylistic evolution of Yeats’ travels through several stages across his career. Initially as a young poet, Yeats wrote much literary ornate verse. From his first publication in 1885 he’d been much influenced by the pre-Raphaelites. A group of artists and poets, the pre-Raphaelites shared a conviction that art had become corrupt during the Renaissance, beginning with Raphael, and was in decline there after. With their sentimental and dreamy idilic view of the world, they were an important influence on Yeats' first poetic efforts. Yeats’ also held an enduring admiration for Blake, which aided his style with a rugged simplicity . A typical poem of this period is the freely romantic â€Å"Lake Isle of Innisfree.† And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There's midnight all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet' s wings. This thick, sugary, praise is highly typical of Yeats’ early poetry and his inherited spirit of the general romantic style. At this time, 1890, Yeats’ himself was still in his twenties, his imagination still held the possibilities of delicate beauty and spontaneous song. Yeats' poetics became fixed heavily in lyric tradition during this early part of his career and late era of romanticism. Inspite of war experience and the darkening of his songs, their musicality would be retained. Yeats’ work began its evolution from the pond of romantics by becoming harder and more realistic. Personal and professional movements in his life were much the cause. Maud Gonne, an Irish actress, who was a long time love interest of Yeats, married a Major John MacBride leaving Yeats deeply wounded . The romantic pond from which much of his early poetry spawned became dry. Youthful praise stripped away, he turned to heartless speculation of severe...

The History of the European Union

The History of the European Union The European Union (EU) was created by the Maastricht Treaty on Nov.  1, 1993. Its a political and economic union between European countries that sets policies concerning the members’ economies, societies, laws, and, to some extent, security. To some, the EU is an overblown bureaucracy that  drains money and compromises the power of sovereign states. For others, its the best way to meet challenges smaller nations might struggle with- such as economic growth and negotiations with larger nations- and worth surrendering some sovereignty to achieve. Despite many years of integration, opposition remains strong, but states have acted pragmatically, at times, to sustain  the union. Origins of the EU The EU  wasnt created in one go by the Maastricht Treaty  but was the result of gradual integration since 1945. The success of one level of union gave confidence and impetus for a next level. In this way, the EU can be said to have been formed by the demands of its member nations. The end of World War II  left Europe divided between the communist, Soviet-dominated eastern bloc and the largely democratic western nations. There were fears over what direction a rebuilt Germany would take. In the West, thoughts of a federal European union re-emerged with hopes of binding Germany into pan-European democratic institutions to the extent that it, or any other allied European nation, wouldn’t be able to start a new war and would resist the expansion of the communist East. The First Union: the ECSC Europe’s post-war nations weren’t just seeking  peace; they were also after solutions to economic problems, such as raw materials being in one country and the industry to process them in another. War had left Europe exhausted, with industry greatly damaged and defenses possibly unable to stop Russia. Six neighboring countries agreed in The Treaty of Paris to form an area of free trade for several key resources, including coal, steel, and iron ore, chosen for their role in industry and the military. This body was called the European Coal and Steel Community and involved Germany, Belgium, France, Holland, Italy, and Luxembourg. It began on July 23, 1952, and ended on July 23, 2002, replaced by further unions. France had suggested the ECSC to control Germany and to rebuild industry. Germany wanted to become an equal player in Europe again and rebuild its reputation, as did Italy, while the others hoped for growth and feared being left behind. France, afraid Britain would try to quash the plan, didn’t include it in initial discussions. Britain stayed out, wary of giving up power and content with the economic potential offered by the Commonwealth. A group of supranational (a level of governance above nation states) bodies was created  to manage the ECSC: a council of ministers, a common assembly, a high authority, and a court of justice to legislate, develop ideas, and resolve disputes. The later EU  would emerge  from these key bodies, a process that some of the ECSC’s creators had envisaged, as they explicitly stated creation of a federal Europe as their long-term goal. The European Economic Community A false step was taken in the mid-1950s when a proposed  European defense community among the ESSC’s six states was drawn up. It called for a joint army to be controlled by a new supranational defense minister. The initiative was rejected after France’s National Assembly voted it down. However, the success of the ECSC led to the members signing two new treaties in 1957, both called the treaty of Rome. This created the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), which was to pool knowledge of atomic energy, and the European Economic Community (EEC), with a common market among the members with no tariffs or impediments to the flow of labor and goods. It aimed to continue economic growth and avoid the protectionist policies of pre-war Europe. By 1970 trade within the common market had increased fivefold. Also created was the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to boost members farming and an end to monopolies. The CAP, which wasn’t based on a common market but on government subsidies to support local farmers, has become one of the most controversial EU policies.​ Like the ECSC, the EEC created several supranational bodies: a council of ministers to make decisions, a common assembly (called the European Parliament from 1962) to give advice, a court that could overrule member states, and a commission to put the policy into effect. The 1965 Brussels Treaty merged the commissions of the EEC, ECSC, and Euratom to create a joint, permanent civil service. Development A late 1960s power struggle established the need for unanimous agreements on key decisions, effectively giving member states a veto. It has been argued that this slowed union by two decades. Over the 70s and 80s, membership in the EEC expanded, allowing Denmark, Ireland, and the UK in 1973, Greece in 1981, and Portugal and Spain in 1986. Britain had changed its mind after seeing its economic growth lag behind the EECs, and after America indicated it would support Britain as a rival voice in the EEC to France and Germany. Ireland and Denmark, heavily dependent upon the UK economy, followed it in to keep pace and attempt to develop themselves away from Britain. Norway applied at the same time but withdrew after a referendum   failed. Meanwhile, member states began to see European integration as a way to balance the influence of Russia and America. Breakup? On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the EU and become the first member state to use a previously untouched release clause. As of 2016, there were 27 countries in the European Union (with year of joining): Austria (1995)Belgium (1957)Bulgaria (2007)Croatia (2013)Cyprus  (2004)Czech Republic (2004)Denmark (1973)Estonia  (2004)Finland  (1995)France  (1957)Germany  (1957)Greece (1981)Hungary  (2004)Ireland  (1973)Italy  (1957)Latvia  (2004)Lithuania  (2004)Luxembourg  (1957)Malta  (2004)The Netherlands  (1957)Poland  (2004)Portugal  (1986)Romania (2007)Slovakia  (2004)Slovenia  (2004)Spain (1986)Sweden  (1995) The development of the EU  slowed in the 70s, frustrating federalists who sometimes refer to it as a dark age. Attempts to create an economic and monetary union were drawn up but derailed by the declining international economy. However, impetus returned by the 80s, partly because of fears that Reagan’s U.S. was moving away from Europe and preventing EEC members from forming links with  Communist countries  in an attempt to slowly bring them back into the democratic fold. Foreign policy became an area for consultation and group action. Other funds and bodies were created including the European Monetary System in 1979 and methods of giving grants to underdeveloped areas. In 1987 the Single European Act (SEA) evolved the EEC’s role a step further. Now European Parliament members were given the ability to vote on legislation and issues, with the number of votes dependent on each member’s population. The Maastricht Treaty and the European Union On Feb.  7, 1992, European integration moved another step further when the Treaty on European Union,   known as the Maastricht Treaty, was signed. This came into force on Nov. 1, 1993, and changed the EEC into the newly named European Union. The change broadened the work of the supranational bodies based around three â€Å"pillars†: the European Communities, giving more power to the European parliament; a common security/foreign policy; and involvement in the domestic affairs of member nations on â€Å"justice and home affairs.† In practice, and to pass the mandatory unanimous vote, these were all compromises away from the unified ideal. The EU also set guidelines for creation of a single currency, although when this was introduced in 1999 three nations opted out and one failed to meet the required targets. Currency and economic reform were now being driven largely by the fact that the U.S. and Japanese economies were growing faster than Europe’s, especially after expanding quickly into the new developments in electronics. There were objections from poorer member nations, which wanted more money from the union, and larger nations, which wanted to pay less; a compromise was eventually reached. One planned side effect of the closer economic union and the creation of a single market was the greater co-operation in social policy that would have to occur as a result. The Maastricht Treaty also formalized the concept of EU citizenship, allowing any individual from an EU nation to run for office in their government, which was also changed to promote decision-making. Perhaps most controversially, the EU’s entrance into domestic and legal matters- which produced the Human Rights Act and overrode many member states’ local laws- produced rules relating to free movement within the EU’s borders, leading to paranoia about mass migrations from poorer EU nations to richer ones. More areas of members’ government were affected than ever before, and the bureaucracy expanded. The Maastricht Treaty faced heavy opposition, only narrowly passing in France and forcing  a vote in the UK. Further Enlargements In 1995 Sweden, Austria, and Finland joined, while in 1999 the Treaty of Amsterdam came into effect, bringing employment, working and living conditions, and other social and legal issues into the EU. By then Europe was facing great changes caused by the collapse of the Soviet dominated East and the emergence of economically weakened but newly democratic eastern nations. The 2001 Treaty of Nice tried to prepare for this, and a number of states entered into special agreements in which they initially joined parts of the EU system, such as the free trade zones. There were discussions over streamlining voting and modifying the CAP, especially as Eastern Europe had a much higher percentage of the population involved in agriculture than the West, but in the end financial worries prevented change. While there was opposition,  10 nations joined in 2004 and two in 2007. By this time there had been agreements to apply majority voting to more issues, but national vetoes remained on tax, security, and other issues. Worries over international crime, as criminals had formed effective cross-border organizations, were now acting as an impetus. The Lisbon Treaty The EU’s level of integration is unmatched in the modern world. Some want to move it closer still, though many don’t. The Convention on the Future of Europe was created in 2002 to write an EU constitution. The draft, signed in 2004, aimed to install a permanent EU president, a foreign minister, and a charter of rights. It would have also allowed the EU to make many more decisions instead of the heads’ of the individual members. It was rejected in 2005, when France and the Netherlands failed to ratify it and before other EU members got the chance to vote. An amended work, the Lisbon Treaty, still aimed to install an EU president and foreign minister, as well as expand the EU’s legal powers, but only through developing the existing bodies. This was signed in 2007 but initially rejected, this time by voters in Ireland. However, in 2009 Irish voters passed the treaty, many concerned about the economic effects of saying no. By the winter of 2009 all 27 EU states had ratified the process, and it took effect. Herman Van Rompuy, at that time Belgium prime minister, became the first president of the European Council, and Britain’s Baroness Catherine Ashton became high representative for foreign affairs. There remained many political opposition parties- and politicians in the ruling parties- that opposed the treaty, and the EU remains a divisive issue in the politics of all member nations.

JS MILL ON LIBERTY ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JS MILL ON LIBERTY ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise, or even right.† (Mill, Pg. 18) Suicide is a personal decision that does not physically harm other individuals. Mill’s Harm Principle clearly applies to self-defense and strives to protect the individual liberty of each of us. As long as our decisions do not affect another’s liberty or life then why must we be harnessed by another’s morality? That is the question that an anonymous 80 year old from Ohio is posing as well. This is the question to be addressed in the following paper. The letter written in June of 2003 outlined the thoughts of an 80 year old individual. Through the letter one can easily grasp that they have lived a full life, which their life is complete and they simply wish to spare their children whom they love greatly the pain and suffering of a long drawn out fight against various cancers. The author of this letter says, â€Å"What I don’t understand is why people think it is wrong for someone like me to just call it a day, throw in the towel.† (Anonymous. Pg.1) the principle moral issue with this is the individual’s right to life, and the individual’s right to their own life. Mill’s clarifies his principle as affecting adults in the â€Å"maturity of their faculties† (Mill, Pg. 19) by his own declaration one’s personal â€Å"good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant† (Mill, Pg. 18) to prevent another from taking their own life into their own hands. The argument most often heard is that suicide affects the family, and yet we see that the true d etriment here per the anonymous authors letter is the continuance which would cost additional monies and anguish from watching as one you love slowly and painfully drifts away. Mill’s point is that society or state has not the right to impose moral standards on an individual if that individual is not harming another physically. The argument can be made that by making it illegal to take decide when one should die, they are in fact presenting ownership of the individual. The very liberty that is proclaimed of body and soul is than repressed at the point of death if one dies as a result of one’s own hand. Mill’s presents the argument that each individual is the proper guardian of their own health; he states that this includes body, mental and spiritual. â€Å"Mankind is great gainers by suffering each other to live as seems good to them, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest.† (Mill, Pg. 24) The anonymous older gentleman outlines this by directly asking why it is someone else’s prerogative as to when he should end his own life. An individual’s liberty must include the freedom to decide when they die if they so choose. Unfortunately, the argument has been made that society must care for all lives within its grasp, and even more unfortunately, this is not the social argument as much as the state based society argument. They are able to make the case that the physical health and wellbeing is the prerogative of society and the state and cannot be left in the hands of the individual.