The Importance Of The Oleochemical Industry

The Importance Of The Oleochemical Industry Oleochemicals which is the chemical product that extract from plant or animal oil. The formation of oleochemical are from fatty acids, fatty alcohol, methyl esters and glycerine. In Malaysia, oleochemical started from early 1980s. The Malaysian Oleochemical Manufactures Group (MOMG) was established in January 1984 when the industry attracted more producer. MOMG uses the renewable natural raw material such as palm oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil which are environment friendly. Due to the global warming and depleting of fossil fuel, biodiesel will be the next great potential as a cost-effective feedback for fossil fuel. Palm oil or other vegetable oil can be used to create biodiesel for internal combustion engines. After mixed with petro diesel, biodiesel can use in any diesel engine. Normally vehicle manufacture limit their recommendation to 15% biodiesel blended with petro diesel. In Europe, biodiesel is most common. RD have research that biodiesel is more clean energy than fossil fuel, it release less carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide after combustion. Not only that, biodiesel is more economical as biodiesel can be use directly without changing or modified the vehicle engine. The importance and advantages of Oleochemical Industry (Biodiesel) in our Society The oleochemical industry that producing biodiesel have unpredictable profit potential since the fossil fuel sources are depleting over the years and this will cause the usage of biodiesel increases. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum based diesel and this provides several advantages. For example, biodiesel can be obtained from a renewable and widespread availability of feedstock. Moreover, biodiesel has the same energy level for per gallon like petroleum-based diesel The biodiesel is produced from plants and other organic raw materials and the processes of producing biodiesel are harmless to the earth compared to drilling for oil which caused huge damages to the earth. Since we able to produce biodiesel and being used in domestic, there are no international complications will be involved. This will help strengthen our national security. Besides that, it can prevent the global situation to affect the price of biodiesel. The main reason of oleochemical industry can be so successful is because of the alternative biofuel such as biodiesel is a carbon neutral one which means it doesnt not emit any carbon gases in the form of carbon dioxide. As we know carbon dioxide is the main contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions. Besides that, biodiesel is biodegradable and less toxic than fossil fuel. Due to the lubricating effect by the biodiesel, the diesel engines lifetime is last longer and it is more efficiency. Therefore, biodiesel becomes one of the most important alternative fuel for combustion in diesel engines. The Supply Demand of Biodiesel Due to the declining of fossil fuels around the world, various governments all over the world have passed policies to help in the production and phasing-in of bio-fuels to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel. For example, the United States of America had passed a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in 2010 for the production of 650 million gallons of biodiesel in 2010, while in Brazil, all gasoline requires around 20-25% of ethanol blended into them and since Jan. 1 2010, Brazil had begun a B-5 mandate which requires the phasing in of 5% biodiesel into fossil fuels. In addition, due to the EUs (European Union) determined policies, biofuel consumption is set to increase sharply. Previously, the EU had set a goal for all their member nations to achieve a minimum target of 5.75% biofuel production by the year 2010, which was estimated to be around 14 million tonnes, and subsequently increase the amount to 10% biofuel production by the year 2020. South East Asian countries like Indonesia and the Philippines have also set a B2.5 mandate which requires the phasing in of 2.5% biodiesel into fossil fuel diesels in their internal market. Malaysia has also implemented a B5 mandate which requires all diesel fuels sold in the country to phase-in 5% of biodiesel. Therefore, with many countries supporting the concept of producing biofuels and the increasing worldwide demand, it shows that investing into the field of the production of biodiesel would be very profitable in the long run. Costs of producing biodiesel are dependent on the feedstock being used, the biodiesel plant design and size, and the way the plant is being operated. Basically, soybean oil and palm oil are the most commonly used feedstock being used in the oleo chemical industry due to their widespread availability and lowest priced for most of the time. Although algae are one of the feedstock which can have a high yield of biodiesel, palm oil is still preferred over algae due the high capital of algae. Besides that, countries like Indonesia and Malaysia, which in 2012 had recorded roughly 18,500,000 metric tons of palm oil produced, will prove to be worthwhile countries to invest in for the production of biodiesel due to the fact that there are ample materials to produce biodiesel. Moreover, with the lack of suppliers producing biodiesel in the region (South East Asia), to invest in this field in the region would prove to be worth the effort. Procesess for synthesis of biodiesel from palm There are two main process for synthesis of biodiesel from palm ¼Ã… ¡ Palm Oil Extraction from palm Mechanical Extraction Solvent Extraction Traditional Method Of Palm Kernel Extraction There are 8 main processes for the palm oil extraction, those are bunch reception, and weighing, bunch quartering, bunch sterilization, bunch threshing/ stripping, oil palm fruit digestion, palm oil pressing, palm oil clarification, palm oil drying and palm oil storage (Figure 6.1). The extraction of palm oil can be done by three methods: a.) Mechanical Extraction, b.) Solvent extraction and c.) Traditional method of palm kernel extraction. 2. Trans-esterification Trans-esterification also known as alcoholysis. It is a chemical process that decrease the viscosity of palm oil and produce biodiesel by displace alcohol from an ester using another alcohol. This chemical process contains three subsequent reversible reactions: i.) Reaction between triglycerides of palm oil and alcohol to produce diglycerides and ester, ii.) Reaction between diglycerides and alcohol to produce monoglycerides and ester, iii.) Reaction between monoglycerides and alcohol to produce glycerol and ester (general equation in Figure 6.2). Transesterification can either be performed by the present of catalyst (catalytic process) or without the present of catalyst (non-catalytic process) (Figure 6.3). During the synthesis of biodiesel, there are some precaution steps need to be taken to ensure the whole process can be done in safe condition. One of the precaution step is always make sure that the tanks used in processing biodiesel are in good condition. Besides that, make sure that all the electrical powered are not over heated, over-pressurized and improperly installed. Use an explosion proof motor to avoid from leaving the motor and engage the professionals to install and maintain the pump. The Impact on the Environment The process of deriving oleochemical can be divided into Fat Splitting, Distillation, Fractionation by Crystallization, Fractionation by Distillation, Hydrogenation and Ion Exchange. All the stated process might have some impacts on the environment, such as: A power plant will be needed to supply a large amount of energy to the oleochemical industry. In order to install a power plant in the factory, space and fuel are essential. However, fossil fuel is not environment friendly because it will produce toxic gases such as CO and SO3, which could cause air pollution. Besides, greenhouse gases such as CO2, O3, water vapors, and CH4, released from the power plant, further contribute to greenhouse effects. Raw materials are limited. Human may suffer from food deficiency due to excessive usage of animals and plants fats as raw material for oleochemical industry. Animal fats, being a side stream from the meat production, have a limited availability, said European Oleochemicals Allied Products Group. Animal fats cover more than 50 % of the raw material requirements in the European Oleochemical Industry. The processes of deriving oleochemicals such as (splitting, refining, neutralization and distillation) will generate heat energy. Since water has a very high specific heat capacity, it will be used in cooling system. In the cooling system, heat energy will be transfer to the water, which increases the temperature of water. If we discard the hot water into river, the temperature will later disrupt the temperature of the river water. Even though it could be a very slight change of temperature, but it may cause death to the aquatic lives due to inadequate temperature which affects the activity of enzymes. There is no proof that neither raw materials nor products are safe to human, animals and plants even though its derived from plants or animals sources. Therefore, all the raw materials and products must be handled with care by relative field experts. The handling, storage, and transportation of these materials should to be managed properly to avoid or minimize the potential for environmental impacts . Pollutant, toxic and greenhouse gases will cause pollution and greenhouse effect if we release it directly into atmosphere. Existence of So3 and other toxic gases in atmosphere can cause respiratory problems on humans and animals. If the waste products of fat splitting process such as lipids, acids and alkali were discarded to ground, it will cause soil pollution. Plants will be unable to grow and this further destroys the habitat of the animals. When the factory is operating, machines and operating systems will generate noise and disturb nearby residence. A suitable and strategy location which located far away from town and residence area can be used to set the factory. A catalyst such as Pt or Ni may be required to speed up the rate of reaction. These catalysts are expensive and need to be recycled so that we can reduce the costs and also save the environment. The products might consist of new and unknown chemicals. To reveal the toxicity or other side effects, animal testing or animal trial can be conducted. This is an inhumane practice, which may affect the ecosystem if the toxic is spread among the flora and fauna. The worst uncontrollable case is that the chemicals cause cancer or mutation inside the animal body and spread among each other. Therefore, the practice of animal testing must be carried out in a small scale, and the number of animal used for testing should be as least as possible. Besides, the animals must be quarantined and separated from the others, as this could further minimize biological pollution. Future Potential of the Oleochemical Industry Oleochemical industry is one of the fastest growth industry for biofuels. In the next few years, products produced by oleochemical industry are expected to replace those from petrochemicals. Most of the oleochemical industry are based on palm and palm kernel oils, so other new raw material sources are hoped to be found out to replace them, which are cheaper and easy to be obtained. To protect the mother earth, costs of production should not be the first consideration while the environmental impact of a chemical to the user and environment is anticipated to be more important. Environmental issues such as biodegradation, non-toxicity and life cycle analysis are the main consideration that will be used in the future to determine whether a chemical should be commercially produced or not. Biotechnology aslo as known as biotransformation process is used to produce basic oleochemicals and intermediate products that based on chemical processes. This will be the future technology and will be used to produce functionality oleochemicals. Conclusion The world is facing the depleting of fossil fuels, so the demand of oleochmical products will continue exceed the supply. Oleochemical plays a very important role in providing an alternative to replace the fossil fuels because the products of oleochemical are environmental friendly. However, mass exploits of this industry will still harm the environment to a certain extent. Hence, precaution measures must be taken and careful deliberation over the issues that will happen before it creates a problem to our society. Reference 1) Jibrail B Kansedo, University Sains Malaysia, Synthesis Of Biodiesel From Palm Oil And Sea Mango Oil Using Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst. Available from: [ July 2009] 2) Siti Fatimah Arifin, University Malaysia Pahang, Faculty Of Chemical And Natural Resources Engineering, Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil And RBD Palm Oil Using Batch Transesterification Process. Available from: [May 2009] 3) Rhonda Day, eHow, Safety and Hazard Precautions In Biodiesel Production. Available from: 4) FAO Corporate Document Repository, Palm Oil Processing. Available from: 5) FAO Corporative Document Repository, Palm Kernel Oil Extraction. Available from: 6) Centre for Transportation Analysis, Global Supply and Demand of Biofuels, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Available from: [January 2011] 7) Future Potential of Oleochemical Industry. Available from: 8) Malaysia Palm Oil Production by Year, 1964-2012. Available from: 9)ASEAN Oleochemical Manufacturers Group, Country Section Malaysia. Available from: 10) ClimateAvene, the Use of Plam Oil as Biofule and Biodiesel. Available from: 11) ClimateAvene, Sustainable Palm Oil Cultivation and Climate Change. Available from: 12) Wolfgang Rupilius and Salmiah Ahmad, The Changing World of Oleochemicals. Available from: 13) International Finance Corporation, IFC, 2007, Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Oleochemicals Manufacturing [Online]. Available from: 14) Trudy, T., 2009, Synthetic Ingredients: The debate over synthetics [Online] Available at 15) European Oleochemicals Allied Products Group, APAG 2006, Challenges and potential of biomass biofuels for the European Oleochemical industry [Online]. Available at: 16) Ahmad, Mohd Jaaffar, and Tang Thin Su, 2005 Supply and demand of biodiesel in the European Union (EU). Palm Oil Dev 42 (2005): 8-14.

Use of Images in Understanding of Documents in Cross-Language Information Retrieval

The introduction of the research paper clearly gives the solution for Cross-Language Information Retrieval and that being used for image in understanding foreign languages.The author goes on to say that a document can be represented using series of images that has been drawn from significant terms in the document itself and therefore, because of this the document can be understood quiet simply as a whole or partly.The research clearly gives the introduction to CLIR. The researcher says that if the above mentioned technique works then there would be no requirement for, Translation as these images can be used for multi-lingual representation.Reduced dependency on lexicons. No need for maintenance. No need for human translation. No need for computer based translation.The technique would use images that are available on the internet. The researcher then tries to derive sub-sets of images of languages. The aim of the paper is to see how images can be used in document understanding, so tha t all the above advantages can be benefited from. The paper is a generalised research looking into the following areasWhether search terms and images are similar in meaning. Theory development what the subject understand from the images. Images for language sub-sets. Research into the uses involved. Research into the search categories of words and images returned.Research ContextThe research context takes the reader through the entire cycle of CLIR, how the research started and how it has evolved over the period of time. CLIR itself is described, defined and explained in different ways so that the reader can understand the depth of it.Documents are available in different languages and that requires the computer user to have at least a minimum understanding of the language to comprehend it. Document representation has not been that effective keeping in mind documents that far technical or that needs a higher level of understanding. CLIR is used inA multi-language search using only on e query language. Searchers understand the document but are not efficient enough to query in the same language.A person who does not understand English can retrieve documents in English by a query in their own language or a language they understand. All the above points are reflected in research done by Grefenstette (1998a), Oard (2001), Sanderson and Clough (2002), Pirkola et al (2001), Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998).According to Rosch et al (1976) object categorisation is done with reference to a ‘basic level’ categorisation. The basic requirement for CLIR is the World Wide Web (Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998), Ballesteros and Croft (1998a) and Grefenstette (1998a)) and available on-line documentations.Some of the approaches of CLIR are Document Translation, Query Translation (Dorr (1996), Resnik (1997), Hull (1998) and Fluhr et al (1998), Ballesteros and Croft (1998a)), Parallel Corpora (Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998)), Latent Semantic Indexing (Dumais et alâ₠¬â„¢s (1996)). The researcher has very effectively explained the different approaches to the CLIR explaining the methods adopted from the very beginning.The advantages and the disadvantages are clearly explained using references to Oard (1998), Scott McCarley and Roukos (1999). The enormity of pages (Google (2003)) makes indexing of documents in foreign languages very difficult to translate.   CLIR with images stated off with Sanderson and Clough (2002) research requires no form of gisting to judge the accuracy of the returned item because a correlation is got between the retrieved image and the searched text.The only area that the researcher does not explain is the kind of difference in subject, styles and types of recovery. So it is vague in understanding the possible errors or misinterpretation that can arise if these points are taken into account.Machine translation types (Hutchins and Somers (1992) and Somers (2003)) have been explained; direct, transfer and interlingua along with the limitations (Leech et al (1989)) have also been explained. Limitations being in the area of speed ((Somers 2003) and (www.speechtechnology.com (2003)), ambiguity (O’Grady et al (1996:270), (Hutchins and Somers (1992)).Context and Real World Knowledge (Somers (2003)), Problems with Lexicons (Reeder and Loehr (1998)), Not Translated Words (Reeder and Loehr (1998)), Unknown Proper Nouns (Ballesteros and Croft (1998a)), Compound Words (Hutchins and Somers (1992), Sheridan and Ballerini (1998)), New Words ((O’Grady (1997)), Document Context (Somers (2003)), Minority Languages (Somers (2003)), Babelfish (Hutchins and Somers (1992)) and Sub Languages (Somers (2003)) are all well explained with examples.

The Number One Article on Student Opinion Essay Samples

The Number One Article on Student Opinion Essay Samples Studying abroad has an important part in faster learning and self-development. Since you are able to see, students will definitely face many challenges should they wish to turn into a member of the buy essay club. The students have to understand how to address bills and locate a balance between their studies and part-time jobs. As a consequence, such students search for the best essay help to be sure their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in accord with all academic standards. If you wish to get a research paper, online writing service like ours is exactly what you demand. Let's say you should purchase essay for college. It is critical to grab your reader's attention at the commencement of your essay. Maybe their usage of language is right in accord with their community. Young children's innate abilities ought to be harnessed to create these benefits more achievable. Although it can be correlated, the editor doesn't say that it's, so it's only Carr's observation. I do it all of the time on social networking. What might not be quite as clear, though, are the expenses of such dreamy way of life. This is sometimes harmful to numerous individuals. Such a trend has been proven in practically all sectors, for example, military. The Appeal of Student Opinion Essay Samples We must be aware that all stereotypes are bad regardless if they're good or bad as it causes prejudgment. Stereotypes also are developing a false idea of the way that they interact with different individuals. They have created a distortion of how every individual should be. Very good stereotypes may also be harmful and cause new issues. Understandably, this sort of measure may be dispensable in the majority of advanced democracies. A number of the negatives effects are harm, inadequate performance in various activities, and sometimes even health difficulties. However, there might be better ways to tackling this issue. Key Pieces of Student Opinion Essay Samples If you've done your work right, then you're prepared for the very best portion of your essay. Secondly, we are a seasoned agency. It's not simple to select a service to purchase your essay from. It's particularly good that young people are able to freely experience a wide variety of music and writing. I believe writers and musicians will locate a manner of benefiting from the new circumstance and excellent artists will be in a position to create a living as they always have done. They suggest that the moment the boy and the girl reached puberty they ought to be permitted to marry. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. Life, Death, and Student Opinion Essay Samples However you are feeling about Valentine's it's still likely to come. And everyone's on it after class to learn what else is happening around campus. Many are a lot more polite about posting, either doing once every day, a couple times each week, etc.. Valentine's Day isn't a holiday. Within this era, whether to use animals as guinea pigs is a touchy matter. What's more, living far from loved ones and friends can be, definitely, the toughest issue to be overcome. Before, with few folks living beyond age 80, it was rare for anybody to enjoy more than twenty years of retirement. Tumblr is like a secret society that everybody is in, but nobody talks about. Student Opinion Essay Samples: No Longer a Mystery Towards the close of the article it will become clear he wants readers to think that it's not a great thing. You should observe the world from somebody else's perspective. Life skills are extremely important and by doing voluntary work, students may learn to communicate with others and work in a team but also how to control their time and boost their organisation abilities. If you are able to fabricate wants Make obtaining things that are only about inside your reach the gist of life, then people are likely to be trapped into becoming consumers. What You Can Do About Student Opinion Essay Samples Beginning in the Next 9 Minutes The World Cup, by way of example, stops many nations in each fourth calendar year. Thus, you will know all that is necessary. They all are positive. Your orders will be done exactly as you desire.

Overview of the Law of the Primate City

Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city  to explain the phenomenon of huge cities that capture such a large proportion of a countrys population as well as its economic activity. These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a country. An excellent example of a primate city is Paris, which truly represents and serves as the focus of France. A countrys leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson, 1939​ Characteristics of Primary Cities They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal point.  Their sheer size and activity become a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country. However, not every country has a primate city, as youll see from the list below. Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third-ranked cities in a country. This definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the second. The law can be applied to smaller regions as well. For example, Californias primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million. Even counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate City. Examples of Countries With Primate Cities Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles has a population of 1.3 million.Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second-largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people.Mexico City, Mexico (8.6 million) outshines Guadalajara (1.6 million).A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailands second city, Nonthaburi (481,000). Examples of Countries That Lack Primate Cities Indias most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 16 million; second is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with more than 13 million. China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries. Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we find that the U.S. lacks a true primate city. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million, second-ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third-ranked Chicago at 9 million, America lacks a primate city. Rank-Size Rule In 1949, George Zipf devised his theory of rank-size rule to explain the size cities in a country. He explained that the second and subsequently smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. For example, if the largest city in a country contained one million citizens, Zipf stated that the second city would contain one-half as many as the first, or 500,000. The third would contain one-third or 333,333, the fourth would be home to one-quarter or 250,000, and so on, with the rank of the city representing the denominator in the fraction. While some countries urban hierarchy somewhat fits into Zipfs scheme, later geographers argued that his model should be seen as a probability model and that deviations are to be expected.